Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is generally diagnosed when fasting blood glucose levels exceed 6.1 mmol/L. This test is typically conducted in the morning before breakfast after a minimum fasting period of 8 hours. Additionally, if blood glucose levels are found to be over 11 mmol/L at any time of day, it also indicates diabetes mellitus. In certain cases, an endocrinologist may perform an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This involves measuring fasting blood sugar, then having the patient consume 75 grams of glucose, followed by a second measurement. If this value exceeds 11.1 mmol/L, a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is made.

Understanding Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels fall below 3.3 mmol/L. Symptoms of hypoglycemia can include shivering, chills, sweating, rapid heartbeat, irritability, headache, and pale skin. To quickly manage a hypoglycemic episode, it is recommended to consume four sugar cubes or drink a small juice pack, as these quickly elevate blood sugar levels.