Key Characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus:

Glucose Regulation: Insulin typically helps to manage blood sugar levels by facilitating the entry of glucose into cells. In diabetic individuals, this critical function is compromised.
Protein Metabolism: Diabetes can disrupt normal protein processing, which may affect muscle condition and overall bodily functions.
Carbohydrate Metabolism: In diabetes, the body’s ability to convert carbohydrates to energy is compromised, leading to higher blood sugar levels.
Lipid Metabolism: Diabetes affects the metabolism of lipids, often increasing harmful cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which elevates the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Water-Salt and Mineral Metabolism: The condition can disrupt the balance of fluids and minerals, leading to potential issues like dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
Pathophysiology:
Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is essential for regulating blood glucose levels by aiding the transport of glucose into cells. Diabetes occurs when:

There is insufficient insulin production by the pancreas (Type 1 diabetes).
The body’s cells become insensitive to insulin (Type 2 diabetes).
Consequences:
Ineffective insulin action prevents proper glucose absorption by cells, resulting in high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). This leads to several immediate and long-term health challenges, including:

Immediate symptoms such as tiredness and blurred vision.
Long-term complications like kidney disease, nerve damage, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.
Management of Diabetes:
Managing diabetes involves continuous monitoring of blood glucose, dietary modifications, engaging in physical activity, and, when necessary, using medications or insulin therapy to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications.